Beginning in the 1820s, Egypt became one of the first non-European countries to pursue steam-driven industrialization after Britain. This new account of 19th-century Egypt traces how fossil capital began in the Nile Valley, entangling imperial ambition, forced dependency, debt and colonialism. From European engineers and financiers to Pashas, peasants, and plantation workers, Khairy follows the human and environmental toll of industrial modernity. We encounter boilers exploding, oxen dying in polluted canals, rebels executed for resisting machines they believed were powered by underground demons demanding their children's futures.A sweeping story of empire, extraction, and resistance, this is a vital history of capitalism’s global spread.
