What is Cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline)? Cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), also known as citicoline, is a nootropic compound that enhances cognitive function, focus, and motivation. It also reduces mental fatigue. As the scientific name implies, it converts into choline and cytidine once ingested. These components cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reform into citicoline. CDP choline is one of the most effective forms of choline supplements. What is Choline? Choline is an essential nutrient for preserving the structural integrity of cells, producing acetylcholine neurotransmitters, modulating gene expression, metabolizing lipids, and more. Humans can synthesize small amounts of choline in the liver, but they must obtain the bulk of their dietary choline needs from foods and supplements. Choline shares many properties with several B vitamins. Choline and Folate (vitamin B9) interact with vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) to act as methyl donors. They donate methyl groups to homocysteine and methionine, which are necessary to form s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe). What is Cytidine? Cytidine is a nucleoside and component of RNA. It becomes uridine once ingested, which is necessary for converting galactose sugars into energy via glycolysis. Uridine also enhances cognition by supporting the proliferation of synapses and synaptic connections, which are essential for learning and memory. Uridine synergizes with choline and fish oil for better synaptic function and formation. Potential CDP Choline Benefits CDP Choline and Cognition CDP choline is an intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids called phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC is also a member of the lecithin group of fatty substances that are rich in choline. PC is a significant structural element of cell membranes and a precursor to acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that interacts with both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It supports cognitive function in several areas of the CNS, including the basal forebrain, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. Within the PNS, acetylcholine neurotransmitters activate and control muscle contractions. They also play an essential role in the autonomic nervous system as the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. In addition to memory formation, acetylcholine is also critical for attention, motivation, mood, and arousal. CDP Choline and Resveratrol Research shows that taking CDP choline and resveratrol together provides even better neuroprotective effects. Resveratrol is an antioxidant that enhances longevity. CDP Choline and Inositol Like CDP choline, inositol is a B vitamin-like supplement. It also supports cell membranes structures and cognition. Taking CDP choline with inositol enhances these effects. CDP Choline for Neuroprotection CDP choline exerts neuroprotective effects as well. It has shown significant promise in improving learning capabilities and memory formation in the aging brain. It restores ATPase activity in the mitochondria, which is essential for normal mitochondrial function. Sustaining this functionality also supports cognitive function with age. It also increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the brain. ATP is the body’s primary source of energy necessary for optimal cognitive function. Potential CDP Choline Side Effects Studies show that citicoline has exceptionally low toxicity. Side effects are rare and mild, such as a stomachache or diarrhea. However, excessive choline intake can lead to the formation of trimethylamine (TMA). TMA oxidizes to TMAO and can cause serious health risks. However, the choline in CDP choline is not prone to converting into TMA like some other choline supplements. Even so, individuals should not exceed the recommended dosage, as it does not convey additional benefits and can cause unwanted side effects. Signs of overconsumption include sweating, nausea, vomiting, a fishy body odor, and a decrease in blood pressure. References https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789318 https://archive.org/details/nutritionalherba00kapa https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027320 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30969605 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876 https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2743068 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/CDP-choline https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Citicoline-sodium https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10974208 https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000046734 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10974208 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=stryer&part=A2206#A2239 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399581 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880353 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14972364 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126180 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10599052 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12022961 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400698 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16631143 http://wurtmanlab.mit.edu/static/pdf/1051.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743082 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683073 https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2016.4484 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8709678 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7485717 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18816480 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15686962 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23600725 Tested by Accredited 3rd Party Labs This PureBulk product is manufactured in a cGMP registered facility. PureBulk's supplements are tested by accredited third party labs in the USA to ensure their identity, purity and potency. To receive a copy of these test results or any other PureBulk supplement please fill out the COA request form found here. *NOTE: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
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