Exercise Biochemistry 2nd Edition

Human Kinetics Verified independent store

→

Description Table of Contents Author Ancillaries Excerpts Exercise Biochemistry, Second Edition, takes a potentially difficult and technical subject and translates it into a clear explanation of how exercise affects molecular-level functioning in athletes and nonathletes, both healthy and diseased. Extremely student friendly, this text is written in conversational style by Vassilis Mougios, who poses and then answers questions as if having a dialogue with a student. Using simple language supported by ample analogies and numerous illustrations, he is able to drive home important concepts for students without compromising scientific accuracy and content. With significantly updated research, the second edition of Exercise Biochemistry offers a complete compilation, from basic topics to more advanced topics. It includes coverage of metabolism, endocrinology, and assessment all in one volume. This edition also adds the following: • A chapter on vitamins and minerals present in the human diet • An evidence-based chapter on exercise and disease that shows how appropriate exercise prescriptions can mobilize biochemical mechanisms in the body to fight obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, cancer, osteoporosis, mental disease, and aging • Updated information on nucleic acids and gene expression, including exercise genetics, RNA interference, and epigenetics • An examination of caffeine as an ergogenic aid to better demonstrate the relationship between caffeine and fatigue • Up-to-date findings on how different types of exercise affect lipid metabolism and the use of individual fatty acids during exercise To facilitate student learning, Exercise Biochemistry incorporates chapter objectives and summaries, key terms, sidebars, and questions and problems posed at the end of each chapter. It leads students through four successive parts. Part I introduces biochemistry basics, including metabolism, proteins, nucleic acids and gene expression, carbohydrates and lipids, and vitamins and minerals. Part II applies the basics to explore neural control of movement and muscle activity. The essence of the book is found in part III, which details exercise metabolism related to carbohydrates, lipids, and protein; compounds of high phosphoryl-transfer potential; effects of exercise on gene expression; integration of exercise metabolism; and the use of exercise to fight disease. Part IV focuses on biochemical assessment of people who exercise, with chapters on iron status, metabolites, enzymes, and hormones. Simple biochemical assessments of health and performance are also discussed. Exercise Biochemistry, Second Edition, is an authoritative resource that will arm future sport and exercise scientists with a clear understanding of the effects of exercise on the function of the human body. Audience Text for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses in exercise biochemistry or a supplemental text to exercise physiology courses. Also a reference for exercise physiologists, exercise biochemists, sport nutritionists, and health scientists and biologists with an interest in exercise. Part I. Biochemistry Basics Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Chemical Elements 1.2 Chemical Bonds 1.3 Molecules 1.4 Ions 1.5 Radicals 1.6 Polarity Influences Miscibility 1.7 Solutions 1.8 Chemical Reactions 1.9 Chemical Equilibrium 1.10 pH 1.11 Acid-Base Interconversions 1.12 Buffer Systems 1.13 Classes of Biological Substances 1.14 Classes of Nutrients 1.15 Cell Structure Chapter 2. Metabolism 2.1 Free-Energy Changes of Metabolic Reactions 2.2 Determinants of Free-Energy Change 2.3 ATP, the Energy Currency of Cells 2.4 Phases of Metabolism 2.5 Redox Reactions 2.6 Overview of Catabolism Chapter 3. Proteins 3.1 Amino Acids 3.2 The Peptide Bond 3.3 Primary Structure of Proteins 3.4 Secondary Structure 3.5 Tertiary Structure 3.6 Denaturation 3.7 Quaternary Structure 3.8 Protein Function 3.9 Oxygen Carriers 3.10 Myoglobin 3.11 Hemoglobin Structure 3.12 The Wondrous Properties of Hemoglobin 3.13 Enzymes 3.14 The Active Site 3.15 How Enzymes Speed up Metabolic Reactions 3.16 Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Reactions Chapter 4. Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression 4.1 Introducing Nucleic Acids 4.2 Flow of Genetic Information 4.3 Deoxyribonucleotides, the Building Blocks of DNA 4.4 Primary Structure of DNA 4.5 The Double Helix of DNA 4.6 The Genome of Living Organisms 4.7 DNA Replication 4.8 Mutations 4.9 RNA 4.10 Transcription 4.11 Delimiting Transcription 4.12 Genes and Gene Expression 4.13 Messenger RNA 4.14 Translation 4.15 The Genetic Code 4.16 Transfer RNA 4.17 Translation Continued 4.18 In the Beginning, RNA? Chapter 5. Carbohydrates and Lipids 5.1 Carbohydrates 5.2 Monosaccharides 5.3 Oligosaccharides 5.4 Polysaccharides 5.5 Carbohydrate Categories in Nutrition 5.6 Lipids 5.7 Fatty Acids 5.8 Triacylglycerols 5.9 Phospholipids 5.10 Steroids 5.11 Cell Membranes Chapter 6. Vitamins and Minerals 6.1 Water Soluble Vitamins 6.2 Fat Soluble Vitamins 6.3 Metal Minerals 6.4 Nonmetal Minerals 6.5 Elements in the Human Body Part II. Biochemistry of the Neural and Muscular Processes of Movement Chapter 7. Neural Control of Movement 7.1 Two Ways of Transmission of Nerve Signals 7.2 The Resting Potential 7.3 The Action Potential 7.4 Propagation of an Action Potential 7.5 Transmission of a Nerve Impulse from One Neuron to Another 7.6 Birth of a Nerve Impulse 7.7 The Neuromuscular Junction 7.8 Changes in Motor Neuron Activity During Exercise 7.9 A Lethal Arsenal at the Service of Research Chapter 8. Muscle Activity 8.1 Structure of a Muscle Cell 8.2 The Sliding-Filament Theory 8.3 The Wondrous Properties of Myosin 8.4 Myosin Structure 8.5 Actin 8.6 Sarcomere Architecture 8.7 Mechanism of Force Generation 8.8 Myosin Isoforms and Muscle Fiber Types 8.9 Control of Muscle Contraction by Ca2+ 8.10 Excitation-Contraction Coupling Part III. Exercise Metabolism III.1 Principles of Exercise Metabolism III.2 Exercise Parameters III.3 Experimental Models Used to Study Exercise Metabolism III.4 Five Means of Metabolic Control in Exercise III.5 Four Classes of Energy Sources in Exercise Chapter 9. Compounds of High Phosphoryl Transfer Potential 9.1 The ATP-ADP Cycle 9.2 The ATP-ADP Cycle in Exercise 9.3 Phosphocreatine 9.4 Watching Exercise Metabolism 9.5 Loss of AMP by Deamination 9.6 Purine Degradation Chapter 10. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Exercise 10.1 Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption 10.2 Glycogen Content of the Human Body 10.3 Glycogenesis 10.4 Glycogenolysis 10.5 Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis in Muscle 10.6 The Cyclic-AMP Cascade 10.7 Recapping the Effect of Exercise on Muscle Glycogen Metabolism 10.8 Glycolysis 10.9 Exercise Speeds Up Glycolysis in Muscle 10.10 Pyruvate Oxidation 10.11 Exercise Speeds Up Pyruvate Oxidation in Muscle 10.12 The Citric Acid Cycle 10.13 Exercise Speeds Up the Citric Acid Cycle in Muscle 10.14 The Electron Transport Chain 10.15 Oxidative Phosphorylation 10.16 Energy Yield of the Electron Transport Chain 10.17 Energy Yield of Carbohydrate Oxidation 10.18 Exercise Speeds Up Oxidative Phosphorylation in Muscle 10.19 Lactate Production in Muscle During Exercise 10.20 Is Lactate Production a Cause of Fatigue? 10.21 Is Lactate Production Due to a Lack of Oxygen? 10.22 Features of the Anaerobic Carbohydrate Catabolism 10.23 Utilizing Lactate 10.24 Gluconeogenesis 10.25 A Shortcut in Gluconeogenesis 10.26 Exercise Speeds Up Gluconeogenesis in the Liver 10.27 The Cori Cycle 10.28 Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis in the Liver 10.29 Control of the Plasma Glucose Concentration in Exercise 10.30 Blood Lactate Accumulation 10.31 Blood Lactate Decline 10.32 “Thresholds” Chapter 11. Lipid Metabolism in Exercise 11.1 Triacylglycerol Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution 11.2 Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution of Other Lipids 11.3 Fat Content of the Human Body 11.4 Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Adipose Tissue 11.5 Lipolysis 11.6 Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue 11.7 Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Muscle 11.8 Fate of the Lipolytic Products During Exercise 11.9 Fatty Acid Degradation 11.10 Energy Yield of Fatty Acid Oxidation 11.11 Degradation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids 11.12 Degradation of Odd-Number Fatty Acids 11.13 Fatty Acid Synthesis 11.14 Synthesis of Fatty Acids Other Than Palmitate 11.15 Exercise Speeds Up Fatty Acid Oxidation in Muscle 11.16 Changes in the Plasma Fatty Acid Concentration and Profile During Exercise 11.17 Interconversion of Lipids and Carbohydrates 11.18 Brown Adipose Tissue 11.19 Plasma Lipoproteins 11.20 A Lipoprotein Odyssey 11.21 Effects of Exercise on Plasma Triacylglycerols 11.22 Effects of Exercise on Plasma Cholesterol 11.23 Exercise Increases Ketone Body Formation Chapter 12. Protein Metabolism in Exercise 12.1 Processing of Dietary Proteins 12.2 Protein Content of the Human Body 12.3 Protein Turnover 12.4 Effects of Exercise on Protein Turnover 12.5 Amino Acid Degradation 12.6 Amino Acid Synthesis 12.7 Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle 12.8 Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver 12.9 The Urea Cycle 12.6 Amino Acid Synthesis 12.10 Plasma Amino Acid, Ammonia, and Urea Concentrations During Exercise 12.11 Contribution of Proteins to the Energy Expenditure of Exercise 12.12 Effects of Training on Protein Turnover Chapter 13. Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression 13.1 Stages in the Control of Gene Expression 13.2 Stages in the Control of Gene Expression Affected by Exercise 13.3 Kinetics of a Gene Product After Exercise 13.4 Exercise-Induced Changes That May Modify Gene Expression 13.5 Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy 13.6 Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Increase in Muscle-Mitochondrial Content 13.7 Exercise and Epigenetics Chapter 14. Integration of Exercise Metabolism 14.1 Interconnections of Metabolic Pathways 14.2 Energy Systems 14.3 Energy Sources in Exercise 14.4 Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.5 Effect of Exercise Intensity on the Choice of Energy Sources 14.6 Effect of Exercise Duration on the Choice of Energy Sources 14.7 Interplay of Duration and Intensity: Energy Sources in Running and Swimming 14.8 Effect of the Exercise Program on the Choice of Energy Sources 14.9 Sex Differences in the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.10 How Sex Influences the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.11 Effect of Age on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.12 Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.13 Effect of Fat Intake on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise 14.14 Adaptations of the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise to Endurance Training 14.15 How Endurance Training Modifies the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise? 14.16 Adaptations of Energy Metabolism to Resistance and Sprint Training 14.17 Adaptations of Exercise Metabolism to Interval Training 14.18 Effect of the Genome on the Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise 14.19 Muscle Fiber Type Transitions 14.20 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise 14.21 The Proportion of Fuels Can Be Measured Bloodlessly 14.22 Hormonal Effects on Exercise Metabolism 14.23 Redox State and Exercise Metabolism 14.24 Causes of Fatigue 14.25 Recovery of the Energy State After Exercise 14.26 Metabolic Changes in Detraining Chapter 15. Exercise to Fight Disease 15.1 Health, Disease, and Exercise 15.2 Exercise to Fight Cardiovascular Disease 15.3 Adaptations of the Heart to Training 15.4 Adaptations of the Vasculature to Training 15.5 Exercise to Fight Cancer 15.6 Diabetes, a Major Metabolic Upset 15.7 Exercise to Fight Diabetes 15.8 Obesity, a Health-Threatening Condition 15.9 Why Obesity Is Harmful 15.10 Exercise to Fight Obesity 15.11 Exercise to Fight Osteoporosis 15.12 Exercise to Fight Mental Dysfunction 15.13 The Detriments of Physical Inactivity 15.14 Exercise for Healthy Aging and Longevity 15.15 Benefits From Regular Exercise in Other Diseases 15.16 A Final Word on the Value of Exercise Part IV. Biochemical Assessment of Exercising Persons IV.1 The Blood IV.2 Aims and Scope of the Biochemical Assessment IV.3 The Reference Interval IV.4 Classes of Biochemical Parameters Chapter 16. Iron Status 16.1 Hemoglobin 16.2 Hematologic Parameters 16.3 Does Sports Anemia Exist? 16.4 Iron 16.5 Total Iron-Binding Capacity 16.6 Transferrin Saturation 16.7 Soluble Transferrin Receptor 16.8 Ferritin 16.9 Iron Deficiency Chapter 17. Metabolites 17.1 Lactate 17.2 Estimating the Anaerobic Lactic Capacity 17.3 Programming Training 17.4 Estimating Aerobic Endurance 17.5 Glucose 17.6 Triacylglycerols 17.7 Cholesterol 17.8 Recapping the Lipidemic Profile 17.9 Glycerol 17.10 Urea 17.11 Ammonia 17.12 Creatinine 17.13 Uric acid 17.14 Glutathione Chapter 18. Enzymes and Hormones 18.1 Enzymes 18.2 Creatine Kinase 18.3 Glutamyltransferase 18.4 Antioxidant Enzymes 18.5 Steroid Hormones 18.6 Cortisol 18.7 Testosterone 18.8 Overtraining Syndrome 18.9 Epilogue Part IV Summary Vassilis Mougios, PhD, is a professor of exercise biochemistry and director of the Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece. A teacher of exercise biochemistry, sport nutrition, and ergogenic aspects of sport for 30 years, Mougios served on the Scientific Committee of the 2004 Pre-Olympic Congress. He has coauthored many articles in international scientific journals and has done research on muscle contraction, exercise metabolism, biochemical assessment of athletes, and sport nutrition. Mougios is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Physiological Society. He is a fellow and member of the reviewing panel of the European College of Sport Science. He serves as a topic editor for Frontiers in Physiology and a reviewer for Journal of Applied Physiology, British Journal of Sports Medicine, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Acta Physiologica, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, Metabolism, and Obesity. In his leisure time, he enjoys rafting, hiking, and photography. Adaptations of the Vasculature to TrainingControl of Muscle Activity by Ca2+What are triacylglycerols, and how do they serve us? All ancillaries are free to adopting instructors through HKPropel Image bank. Includes more than 300 figures, tables, and chemical equations from the text, sorted by chapter. These can be used in developing a customized presentation based on specific course requirements. Show more