Fort Snelling at Bdote
A Brief History, Newly Annotated Author Peter DeCarlo Minnesota Historical Society Press (June 22, 2020) A primer on the complex and contested history of Minnesota’s premier histor ical site, newly annotated. Description For millennia, the place where the Minnesota River joins the Mississippi has been a crossroads, a place of strategic power. But that symbolism is complicated. The fort is a powerful reminder that most Minnesotans today are descendants of immigrants, living on conquered land. Many Dakota people consider the area to be their sacred place of origin as well as a site of genocide. And, shockingly, some army officers at the fort held African Americans in slavery. The site, a museum preserved and run by the Minnesota Historical Society, is undergoing a sweeping transformation to include not just the fort’s military history but the stories of all Minnesotans. And this primer similarly provides an overview of the site’s role in the foundation of the state, and its meaning for Minnesota’s diverse people. Author information Peter J. DeCarlo is a historian and author of Fort Snelling at Bdote and “Loyalty Within Racism: The Segregated Sixteenth Battalion of the Minnesota Home Guard During World War I”. He holds an MA in American history with an emphasis in colonialism, borderlands, Native American studies, and the American West. He works at the Minnesota Historical Society as a research historian on the Historic Fort Snelling at Bdote Project. Selected bibliography SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Ann. Early Days at Red River Settlement, and Fort Snelling: Reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams, 1821–1829. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1894. https://archive.org/details/earlydaysatredri00adamrich. “Agriculture at Fort Snelling.” Historic Fort Snelling Training Materials, n.d. Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center. “The ‘Sioux’ Name and Dialects.” http://aktalakota.stjo.org/site/PageServer?pagename=alm_culture_origins. Anderson, Gary Clayton. Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. http://www.oupress.com/ECommerce/Book/Detail/1834/ethnic cleansing and the indian. ——— . “Myrick’s Insult: A Fresh Look at Myth and Reality.” Minnesota History 48, no. 5 (Spring 1983): 198–206. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/48/v48i05p198-206.pdf. Anderson, Gary Clayton, and Alan R. Woolworth eds. Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1988. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/through-dakota-eyes. Anfinson, John O. “Spiritual Power to Industrial Might: 12,000 Years at St. Anthony Falls.” Minnesota History 58, no. 5/6 (Spring/Summer 2003): 252–69. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p252-269.pdf. Arnott, Sigrid, Geoff Jones, and David Maki. Indian Mounds Park Mound Group National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Minneapolis, MN: Archaeo-Physics LLC, 2013. https://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/14000140.pdf. Atkins, Annette. “Dred and Harriet Scott in Minnesota.” MNopedia, October 13, 2014. http://www.mnopedia.org/event/dred-and-harriet-scott-minnesota. Bachman, Walt. Northern Slave, Black Dakota: The Life and Times of Joseph Godfrey. Bloomington, MN: Pond Dakota Press, 2013. http://ponddakota.org/resources/northern-slave-black-dakota. Bakeman, Mary H., and Antona M. Richardson, eds. Trails of Tears: Minnesota’s Dakota Indian Exile Begins. Roseville, MN: Prairie Echoes Press, Park Genealogical Books, 2008. Bakken, Kent, et al. Mitakuye Owas, All My Relations: Authentication, Recovery and Reburial at the Lincoln Mounds for the Bloomington Central Station Project, Bloomington, Minnesota. 2006. Beck, Paul N. Columns of Vengeance: Soldiers, Sioux, and the Punitive Expeditions 1863–1864. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. http://www.oupress.com/ECommerce/Book/Detail/1722/columns of vengeance. Bergemann, Kurt D. Brackett’s Battalion: Minnesota Cavalry in the Civil War and Dakota War. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2004. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/brackett-s-battalion. Birk, Douglas A. The Henry Sibley Site Complex (21DK31) Brick House Archaeological Project: Exterior East Wall Investigations. Minneapolis: Institute of Minnesota Archaeology, 1993. Board of Commissioners. Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861–1865. 2 vols. St. Paul, MN: Pioneer Press Company, 1893. https://archive.org/details/minnesotacivil01minnrich, https://archive.org/details/minnesotacivil02minnrich. Book of Champions, Summer Sports—Forty Ninth Infantry: Fort Snelling, Minnesota, Season 1921. [Fort Snelling, MN: n.p., 1921?]. Boorom, Jeff. “Interpreting African -Americans and Slavery at Fort Snelling.” Fort Snelling Training Materials, May 2007. Carley, Kenneth. Minnesota in the Civil War: An Illustrated History. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2000. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/minnesota-in-the-civil-war. Carver, Jonathan. Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America. London: J. Phillips, 1781. https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughin00carv#page/n7/mode/2up. Case, Martin W. “‘Pike’s Treaty’—One Bdote Area Myth.” Bdote Memory Map, March 14, 2010. https://bdote.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/pike-treaty-the-bdote-area-myth/. Cass, Nancy. “Program Treatment Form: Married Quarters.” Fort Snelling Training Materials, 2013. Cassady, Matthew. “Interpreting Kinship and Gift Giving in Dakota and Ojibwe Cultures.” Historic Fort Snelling Training Materials, 2015. ——— . “St. Peter’s Indian Agency—Daily Base Program SOP.” Fort Snelling Training Materials, March 8, 2011. ——— . “Why Were Dakota Non-Combatants Brought to Fort Snelling After the US-Dakota War of 1862?” Typescript, 2012. Cavanagh, Edward, and Lorenzo Veracini. “Definition.” Settler Colonial Studies (blog), 2010. https://settlercolonialstudies.org/about-this-blog/. Chicoine, Stephen. Our Hallowed Ground: World War II Veterans of Fort Snelling National Cemetery. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/our-hallowed-ground. Citizens Military Training Camp, Red Course, Fort Snelling, Minnesota, 1921. [MN: n.p., 1921?]. Clemmons, Linda M. Conflicted Mission: Faith, Disputes, and Deception on the Dakota Frontier. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2014. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/conflicted-mission. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, C., and T. J. Ferguson. “Intersecting Magisteria: Bridging Archaeological Science and Traditional Knowledge.” Journal of Social Archaeology 10, no. 3 (2010): 325–46. DeCarlo, Peter. “Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS).” MNopedia, May 13, 2015. http://www.mnopedia.org/group/military-intelligence-service-language-school-misls. Deloria, Vine Jr., and Raymond J. DeMallie. Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979. Vol. 1. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. http://www.oupress.com/ECommerce/Book/Detail/329/documents of american indian diplomacy. Denial, Catherine J. Making Marriage: Husbands, Wives and the American State in Dakota and Ojibwe Country. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2013. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/making-marriage. ——— . “Pelagie Faribault’s Island: Property, Kinship, and the Meaning of Marriage in Dakota Country.” Minnesota History 62, no. 2 (Summer 2010): 48–59. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/62/v62i02p048-059.pdf. “Dred and Harriet Scott: Slavery Interpretive Manual.” Fort Snelling Training Materials, 2012. Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2014. http://www.beacon.org/An-Indigenous-Peoples-History-of-the-United-States-P1164.aspx. Emerson, Patricia, Director, Archaeology Department, Minnesota Historical Society, conversation, April 13, 2016. Feshir, Riham. “Historic Fort Snelling Named ‘National Treasure,’” MPR News, April 20, 2016. http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/04/20/historic-fort-snelling-named-national-treasure. Folwell, William Watts. A History of Minnesota. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1956. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/history-of-minnesota-volume-1. Forsyth, Thomas. “Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819.” Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin 6 (1908): 188–219. “Fort Snelling Commandant’s House Manual.” Historic Fort Snelling Training Materials, 2016. Fort Snelling Sesquicentennial Committee. Fort Snelling Sesquicentennial Committee Report. St. Paul, MN: The Committee, 1969. Friends of Fort Snelling, Fort Snelling State Park Association. “Creating Fort Snelling State Park.” http://www.fortsnelling.org/Fort-Snelling-State-Park-History. Friends of the Sibley Historic Site. “Houses of the Sibley Historic Site.” http://www.sibley-friends.org/sibleyhouse.htm. “Garrison Routine.” Historic Fort Snelling Training Materials, 2010. Gibbon, Guy. Archaeology of Minnesota: The Prehistory of the Upper Mississippi River Region. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/archaeology-of-minnesota. ——— . The Sioux: The Dakota and Lakota Nations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. Gilman, Carolyn. Where Two Worlds Meet: The Great Lakes Fur Trade. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1982. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/where-two-worlds-meet. Gilman, Rhoda R. Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2004. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/henry-hastings-sibley-divided-heart. Goetz, Kathryn R. “Hennepin, Louis (ca. 1640–ca. 1701).” MNopedia, August 12, 2013. http://www.mnopedia.org/person/hennepin-louis-ca1640-ca1701. Green, William D. A Peculiar Imbalance: The Fall and Rise of Racial Equality in Early Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/a-peculiar-imbalance. Gronhovd, Amanda, Grant Day, and Susan Andrews. 1996 and 1998 Archaeological Excavations at the Sibley House. Hagerty, Silas. Dakota 38. Porter, ME: Smooth Feather Productions, 2012. http://www.smoothfeather.com/dakota38. Hall, Steve. Fort Snelling: Colossus of the Wilderness. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1987. Handbook Camp Snelling. 1927. [MN: Fort Snelling, 1927]. Haymond, John A. The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862: Revenge, Military Law and the Judgment of History. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2016. http://www.mcfarlandbooks.com/book-2.php?id=978-1-4766-6510-8. Hennepin, Louis. Description of Louisiana. Translated by Marion E. Cross. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980. https://archive.org/details/descriptionoflou00henn. “Historic Fort Snelling.” Typescript. Historic Fort Snelling Training Materials, n.d. Holbrook, Franklin F. Minnesota in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. St. Paul: Minnesota War Records Commission, 1923. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.adm3963.0001.001;view=1up;seq=3. Holbrook, Franklin F., and Livia Appel. Minnesota in the War with Germany. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1928–32. Holmquist, June Drenning, ed. They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State’s Ethnic Groups. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/they-chose-minnesota. Hyman, Colette A. Dakota Women’s Work: Creativity, Culture, and Exile. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012. https://shop.mnhs.org/products/dakota-womens-work. International Coalition of Sites of Conscience. http://www.sitesofconscience.org/. Jahner, Elaine A. “Lakota Genesis: The Oral Tradition.” In Sioux Indian Religion: Tradition and Innovation, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie and Douglas R. Parks, 45–65. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. http://www.oupress.com/ECommerce/Book/Detail/988/sioux indian religion. Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904. Oklahoma State University Library has built a searchable online resource of all the treaties in this volume: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/index.htm. Lass, William E. “The Removal from Minnesota of the Sioux and Winnebago Indians.” Minnesota History 38, no. 8 (1963): 360–64. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i08p353-364.pdf. LeFevre, Tate A. “Settler Colonialism.” Oxford Bibliographies, May 29, 2015. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml. Lower Sioux Indian Community. “About Us.” http://lowersioux.com/about-us/. Lurie, Jon. “A History of Owamni Yomni: Lock Closures Signal Healing for Mississippi River.” Healing Place (blog), July 20, 2015. http://healingplacemn.org/owamni-closing-of-the-locks-from-this-summer/. Madley, Benjamin. American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016. http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300181364/american-genocide. Mattsen, William E. “The Battle of Sugar Point: A Reexamination.” Minnesota History 50, no. 7 (Fall 1987): 269–75. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/50/v50i07p269-275.pdf. Military Show, Fort Snelling, September 28 29 30 1928: Program and Exhibits Guide. Millikan, William. “The Great Treasure of the Fort Snelling Prison Camp.” Minnesota History 62, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 4–17. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/62/v62i01p004-017.pdf. Minnesota Historical Society. “Bounties.” The US–Dakota War of 1862. http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/bounties. ——— . “Oceti Ŝakowiŋ—The Seven Council Fires.” http://collections.mnhs.org/sevencouncilfires/index.php/10002460. ——— . “Tioŝpaye: Kinship.” The US–Dakota War of 1862. http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/dakota-homeland-oceti-%C5%A1akowi%C5%8B/tio%C5%9Dpaye-kinship. Minnesota Historical Society, Historic Fort Snelling. http://www.historicfortsnelling.org/. ——— . “Fort Snelling National Cemetery.” http://www.historicfortsnelling.org/history/military-history/fort-snelling-national-cemetery. Minnesota Historical Society, Mill City Museum. “Flour Milling History.” http://www.millcitymuseum.org/flour-milling-history. Minnesota Historical Society, Sibley Historic Site. http://sites.mnhs.org/historic-sites/sibley-historic-site. Minnesota Humanities Center. “Bdote Memory Map.” http://bdotememorymap.org/. Minnesota Statehood Centennial Commission. Administrative Files. Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. “Missouri State Archives, Missouri’s Dred Scott Case, 1846–1857.” Missouri Digital Heritage. https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/africanamerican/scott/scott.asp. Monjeau-Marz, Corinne L. The Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862–1864. St. Paul, MN: Prairie Smoke Press, 2006. http://prairiesmokepressinc.com/dakota.html. Monjeau-Marz, Corinne L., and Stephen Osman. “What You May Not Know About the Fort Snelling Indian Camps.” Minnesota’s Heritage 7 (January 2013): 112–33. Nankivell, John H. Buffalo Soldier Regiment: History of the Twenty-fifth United States Infantry, 1869–1926. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/Buffalo-Soldier-Regiment,672153.aspx. National Park Service, Mississippi River and Recreation Area. “Coldwater Spring.” https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/coldwater.htm. 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North Country: The Making of Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/north-country. Woolworth, Alan, and Nancy Woolworth. “Carver: Little Cave, Big History.” [National Speleological Society,] NSS News 38, no. 3 (March 1980): 52–55. Woolworth, Alan R. Papers. Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. WPA Writer’s Project. Slave Narratives. “Hickman, Rev. Robert Thomas.” https://law.wustl.edu/Staff/Taylor/SLAVES/hickman.htm. Related links History Lounge with Peter DeCarlo The Twin Cities African American community during World War I Tuesday, October 10, 2017 at 7 pm "Loyalty Within Racism: The Segregated Sixteenth Battallion of the Minnesota Home Guard During World War I", Minnesota History article by Peter J. DeCarlo. Historic Fort Snelling 2020 MNHS Receives Federal Grant to Update Fort Snelling Historic District Designation Nation's Leading Historic Preservation Organization Names "Bdote Fort Snelling" a National Treasure 96 pages 60 Color and B&W Illustrations 8.5x11 inches ISBN: 9781681341712
