Developed by: Bruce Moore, O.D. and Jean Ramsey, M.D. Practice pages for 3 and 4 years (10/40 equiv.). Pages labeled practice, left eye and right eye. 3 year visual acuity range 10/20. 4 years and older visual acuity range 10/16. 4 pages spiral bound. Vision screener measures 8.26 X 22.86 cm ( 3.25 X 9 in.). HOTV Designed by: Otto Lippman, M.D. MassVAT developed by: Luisa Mayer, Ph.D. and Bruce Moore, O.D. HOTV flip book includes separate pages for 3 year olds and 4 year olds. Each page features the MassVat design that creates a contour interaction for testing. This design is great for the detection of Amblyopia, or Lazy Eye. Also, HOTV optotypes are highly recognizable for preliterate children. HOTV flip book comes with a response key for easier testing.