Overview This publication details the underpinning knowledge required for ship’s officers serving on LNG carriers, as set out in SIGTTO’s ‘LNG Shipping Competency Standards’. Now in its 3rd edition (2020), this publication has been updated to reflect the substantial technical and operational advances on LNG carriers that have occurred since it was first prepared across 2006- 2008. To put this level of advance in context, in 2006, the world fleet of LNG carriers was over 200 ships. At the beginning of 2020 there were 540 LNG carriers in service, with over 130 LNG carriers on order. In 2019 alone, LNG carriers carried out 5,701 trade voyages. At almost 500 pages, this publication details all areas of LNG carriage and care by sea Content AcknowledgementsIntroduction 1 LNG Fundamental Knowledge and Understanding1.1 Physics and Chemistry1.2 Principles of Design1.3 Regulations and Guidance1.4 Principles of Tank Atmospheres1.5 Properties of Materials1.6 Hazards of LNG and Relevant Gases1.7 Environmental Impact1.8 Risk Assessment1.9 Individual Responsibilities1.10 Contingency Plans1.11 Record Keeping1.12 Planning 2 LNG Equipment2.1 Cargo System – Tank Construction2.2 Air and Inert Gas Driers2.3 Inert Gas Generator2.4 Nitrogen Systems2.5 LNG Vaporiser2.6 High Duty Compressor(s)2.7 Low Duty Compressor(s)2.8 Gas Heaters2.9 Forcing Vaporiser2.10 Cargo Pumps2.11 Spray Pumps2.12 Cargo Tank Protection Devices2.13 Cargo Line Protection Devices2.14 Cargo Space Protection Devices2.15 Cargo Liquid and Vapour Valves2.16 Cargo Tank Protection System2.17 Reliquefaction Plant (if fitted)2.18 Gas Combustion Unit (Oxidiser)2.19 Regasification Plant2.20 Cargo Related Spaces 3 LNG Support Systems3.1 Nitrogen Pressurisation and Purge3.2 Cofferdam Heating System3.3 Fixed Gas Detection3.4 Portable Gas Detection Equipment3.5 Emergency Shutdown System (ESDS)3.6 Emergency Mooring Release3.7 Water Curtain3.8 Drenching System3.9 Fixed Dry Powder Installations3.10 Level Gauging Systems3.11 Custody Transfer Measurement System (CTMS)3.12 Certified Safe Electrical Equipment3.13 High Voltage Systems3.14 IAS System3.15 Turbo Alternator Control Systems3.16 Propulsion Types3.16.1 Current situation3.16.2 Steam turbines3.16.3 Slow-speed diesel (SSD)3.16.4 Dual-fuel diesel electric/tri-fuel diesel electric (DFDE/TFDE)3.16.5 M-type electronically controlled gas injection (ME-GI)3.16.6 Gas and diesel low-pressure two-stroke engine (X-DF)3.16.7 Ultra steam turbine (UST)3.16.8 Gas turbines3.16.9 Steam turbine and gas engine (STaGE)3.16.10 COGES3.16.11 Further considerations for LNGC propulsion systems3.17 Gas Combustion Systems 4 LNG Standard Operations4.1 Cargo Tank Cleaning4.2 Hold Space and Cargo Tank Drying4.2.1 Drying hold spaces on Moss type LNG carriers4.2.2 Drying insulation spaces on membrane type LNG carriers (Mark III and NO96)4.2.3 Drying the insulation spaces of NO96 cargo containment system4.2.4 Drying of cargo tanks4.3 Nitrogen Purging of Containment System4.3.1 Drying and inerting of tank insulation and annular space (Moss spherical type)4.3.2 Nitrogen purging the interbarrier and insulation spaces (membrane type – GTT Mark III only)4.3.3 Nitrogen purging the interbarrier and insulation spaces (membrane type – NO96)4.3.4 Other considerations when purging the interbarrier and insulation spaces for membrane type LNG carriers4.4 Inerting of Cargo System4.5 Ship and Shore Preparation and Manifold Connection4.6 Gassing Up (Purging) of Cargo System4.7 Cooldown of Cargo System4.8 Loading4.9 Loaded and Ballast Passage4.10 Discharging4.11 Warm-Up4.12 Gas Freeing4.13 Aeration4.14 Ship to Ship (STS) Preparation and Manifold Connection4.15 Ship to Ship Transfer of Cargo 5 LNG Non-Standard and Emergency Operations5.1 Types of Non-Standard and Emergency Operations5.2 Multiple Cargo Pump Failure in One Tank5.3 Gas Freeing a Single Tank5.4 Part Load and Discharge5.5 Non-Availability of Key Equipment5.6 Loss of Gas Handling Capability5.7 Prolonged Loss of Power to Cargo and Ancillary Systems5.8 Loss of Primary Containment5.9 Ballast Tank Leakage into Containment Space5.10 Nitrogen Supply Failure5.11 Jettison of Cargo5.12 Overfilling of a Cargo Tank5.13 Loss of Cargo Pipeline Containment5.14 Failure of Integrated Automation System5.15 Uncontrolled Release of Cargo 6 LNG Commercial Considerations6.1 Terms and Conditions in Use 4466.1.1 Have an awareness of the following terms and their relevance6.1.2 Have an awareness of the principles of LNG measurement6.1.3 Have an awareness of the basic types of time charters6.1.4 Have an awareness of basic LNG time charter performance clauses6.1.5 Have an awareness of the economic Implications of boil-off/heel management6.1.6 Have an awareness of the relevant industry international organisations and bodies6.2 Vetting and Inspection Processes6.3 Ship/Shore Compatibility Assessment Annex – I Reference DocumentsAnnex – II Definitions 469 Details Title: LNG Shipping Knowledge 3rd EditionNumber of Volumes: 1Edition: ThirdNumber of Pages: 467Product Code: IT102991ISBN: ISBN 13: 978-1-85609-903-5 (9781856099035), ISBN 10: 1-85609-903-2 (1856099032)Published Date: July 2020Binding Format: HardbackBook Height: 304 mmBook Width: 218 mmBook Spine: 34 mmWeight: 2.40 kg
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