Part 1. Introduction to macadamia pest managementInsect growth and development; Types of insect damage, How insects become pests; Integrated pest management, Economic thresholds, economic injury levels; Natural control vs. biological control; Natural enemies, Biological control: Types, Success rates for classical biological control, Environmental concerns; Monitoring programs: Importance, Definitions, Design of monitoringand methods, Types of samples, Data recording; Insecticide and miticide application: Orchard handguns, Backpack mist blowers, Air-blast sprayers, Aerial application, Inspectionand calibration, Spray solution pH, Hazard to bees, Pesticide regulationsPart 2. Horticultural factors important inintegrated pest managementFlowering and fruiting patterns; Nut maturation process, Normal harvest operations; Modified harvest operations, Cultivar susceptibility; Fertilizer; Pruning; Pollination, Alternate hostes, ground covers; Management of pests in nurseriesPart 3. Major pest insectsOverview of pest status, Patterns of damageTropical nut borer, History; Life cycle and description; Identification; Alternate hosts; Damage; Time of damage; Monitoring; Cultivar susceptibility, Sticktight nuts; Management strategies: General, Harvest modification, Early season, harvest, Mechanical harvest, Use of ethephon, Natural enemies, Use of pesticides, New orchard management; Economics of pest control, General trends, Southern green stinkbug, History; Life cycle and description; Life history in macadamia orchards; Alternate hosts; Damage; Time and location of damage; Monitoring; Cultivar susceptibility; Management strategies; Natural enemies; Chemical control, Koa seedworm, Litchi fruit mothHistory; Life history; Identification; Alternate host plants; Damage; Monitoring: Adult sampling, Distribution of eggs and damage in the canopy, Sampling larvae and damage; Cultivar susceptibility; Management strategies; Behavior-modifying chemicals; Natural enemies; Chemical controlPart 4. Secondary pestsBroad mite, Red and black flat mite, Katydids, Redbanded thrips, Hawaiian flower thrips, Black citrus aphidPart 5. Pests of macadamia not yet found in HawaiiMacadamia felted coccid, Fruitspotting bug, Banana-spotting bug, Macadamia leafminer, Macadamia flower caterpillar, Macadamia twig girdler, Twospotted bug, Yellowspotted bug, False coddling moth, Macadamianut borer, Leafcutting antsAppendixes: Heat-driven phenology models; Sequential sampling examples; Monitoring tools; Insect classification; Insects identified on macadamia in Hawaii, Glossary of terms, Further readings and references.
