Molicel P28A 18650 2800mAh 35A Battery
.p28a-desc{ --bs-black:#000; --bs-charcoal:#141414; --bs-ink:#1f2328; --bs-gray:#f3f5f6; --bs-line:#d9dee3; --bs-orange:#ef6f07; --moli-red:#e00012; --ok:#108a00; --warning:#ffb100 ; --danger:#c81825; --white:#fff; --muted:#66707a; --radius:18px; --shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.10); max-width:1180px; margin:0 auto; padding:22px; color:var(--bs-ink); font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height:1.45; background:#fafafa; } .p28a-desc *{box-sizing:border-box;} .p28a-desc h1,.p28a-desc h2,.p28a-desc h3{line-height:1.12;margin:0 0 12px;letter-spacing:-.02em;} .p28a-desc p{margin:0 0 14px;} .p28a-desc .eyebrow{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;background:rgba(239,111,7,.12);color:var(--bs-orange);padding:7px 10px;border-radius:999px;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;font-size:12px;} .p28a-desc .dot{width:8px;height:8px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--bs-orange);display:inline-block;} .p28a-desc .hero{position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:24px;background:radial-gradient(circle at 91% 10%, rgba(224,0,18,.24), transparent 34%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--bs-black),#1c1c1c 58%,#291404);color:var(--white);padding:34px;box-shadow:var(--shadow);} .p28a-desc .hero:after{content:"";position:absolute;right:-80px;bottom:-170px;width:440px;height:440px;border:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.08);border-radius:999px;box-shadow:0 0 0 36px rgba(255,255,255,.04),0 0 0 82px rgba(239,111,7,.08);} .p28a-desc .hero-grid{position:relative;z-index:1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:28px;align-items:center;} .p28a-desc .hero-copy{max-width:990px;} .p28a-desc .hero h1{font-size:clamp(34px,5vw,64px);font-weight:900;text-transform:uppercase;} .p28a-desc .hero .sub{font-size:18px;color:#e6e8ea;max-width:910px;} .p28a-desc .hero .sub strong{color:#fff;} .p28a-desc .cta-row{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:20px;} .p28a-desc .pill{border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.22);background:rgba(255,255,255,.08);border-radius:999px;padding:10px 13px;color:#fff;font-weight:800;font-size:13px;} .p28a-desc .pill.orange{background:rgba(239,111,7,.18);border-color:rgba(239,111,7,.45);} .p28a-desc .pill.red{background:rgba(224,0,18,.18);border-color:rgba(224,0,18,.48);} .p28a-desc .kpi-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,1fr);gap:14px;margin:18px 0;} .p28a-desc .kpi{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:16px;box-shadow:0 5px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.04);} .p28a-desc .kpi b{display:block;font-size:28px;line-height:1;color:var(--bs-black);letter-spacing:-.05em;} .p28a-desc .kpi small{display:block;margin-top:7px;color:var(--muted);font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;font-size:11px;} .p28a-desc .kpi.orange{border-top:5px solid var(--bs-orange);} .p28a-desc .kpi.red{border-top:5px solid var(--moli-red);} .p28a-desc .kpi.green{border-top:5px solid var(--ok);} .p28a-desc .kpi.black{border-top:5px solid var(--bs-black);} .p28a-desc .section{margin-top:22px;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:24px;padding:26px;box-shadow:0 5px 18px rgba(0,0,0,.04);} .p28a-desc .section.dark{background:#0f1113;color:#fff;border-color:#0f1113;} .p28a-desc .section.dark p,.p28a-desc .section.dark .muted{color:#d8dde2;} .p28a-desc .section h2{font-size:clamp(24px,3vw,38px);} .p28a-desc .muted{color:var(--muted);} .p28a-desc .two-col{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;align-items:start;} .p28a-desc .three-col{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;} .p28a-desc .chart-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:18px;} .p28a-desc .chart-card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:18px;min-height:250px;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.04);} .p28a-desc .chart-card h3{font-size:18px;margin-bottom:4px;} .p28a-desc .chart-card .caption{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:14px;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .chart-card{background:#181b1f;border-color:#2c3035;color:#fff;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .caption{color:#b9c0c7;} .p28a-desc .spec-table{width:100%;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:16px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;font-size:14px;} .p28a-desc .spec-table th{background:#000;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding:12px;font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;} .p28a-desc .spec-table td{padding:11px 12px;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-line);vertical-align:top;} .p28a-desc .spec-table td:first-child{font-weight:800;color:#222;width:40%;} .p28a-desc .spec-table tr:nth-child(even) td{background:#f9fafb;} .p28a-desc .bar-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:112px 1fr 82px;gap:10px;align-items:center;margin:12px 0;} .p28a-desc .bar-label{font-size:12px;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;color:#3b4147;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .bar-label{color:#e8edf2;} .p28a-desc .bar-track{height:18px;border-radius:999px;background:#eceff1;overflow:hidden;position:relative;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .bar-track{background:#2a2e33;} .p28a-desc .bar-fill{height:100%;border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--bs-orange),var(--moli-red));} .p28a-desc .bar-fill.black{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#3b4147,#000);} .p28a-desc .bar-fill.green{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--bs-orange),var(--ok));} .p28a-desc .bar-fill.warn{background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--warning),var(--danger));} .p28a-desc .bar-value{font-size:13px;font-weight:900;text-align:right;} .p28a-desc .mini-axis{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;color:var(--muted);font-size:11px;margin-top:4px;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .mini-axis{color:#b9c0c7;} .p28a-desc .formula-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:12px;margin-top:15px;} .p28a-desc .formula{background:#f6f8fa;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:14px;padding:14px;} .p28a-desc .formula code{font-weight:900;color:#000;font-size:15px;white-space:normal;} .p28a-desc .formula span{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:12px;margin-top:6px;} .p28a-desc .diagram{width:100%;height:auto;display:block;} .p28a-desc .legend{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:10px;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);} .p28a-desc .section.dark .legend{color:#b9c0c7;} .p28a-desc .legend i{width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px;vertical-align:-1px;} .p28a-desc .app-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:14px;margin-top:16px;} .p28a-desc .app{border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:16px;padding:15px;background:#fff;} .p28a-desc .app .icon{width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--bs-black);color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:900;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:12px;} .p28a-desc .app h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:6px;} .p28a-desc .note{border-left:5px solid var(--bs-orange);background:#fff7f1;padding:14px 16px;border-radius:12px;margin-top:16px;color:#341904;} .p28a-desc .warning-note{border-left:5px solid var(--danger);background:#fff5f6;padding:14px 16px;border-radius:12px;margin-top:16px;color:#3f0810;} .p28a-desc .safety{border:1px solid rgba(200,24,37,.35);background:#fff5f6;border-radius:18px;padding:18px;} .p28a-desc .safety h3{color:var(--danger);} .p28a-desc .safety ul{margin:8px 0 0;padding-left:18px;} .p28a-desc .safety li{margin:6px 0;} .p28a-desc .pack-flow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,1fr);gap:10px;align-items:center;margin-top:16px;} .p28a-desc .flow-box{position:relative;text-align:center;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-radius:16px;padding:14px 10px;min-height:96px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;} .p28a-desc .flow-box b{font-size:15px;} .p28a-desc .flow-box span{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin-top:5px;} .p28a-desc .flow-box:not(:last-child):after{content:"→";position:absolute;right:-18px;top:34%;font-weight:900;color:var(--bs-orange);font-size:24px;z-index:2;} .p28a-desc .faq-section{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff,#f9fafb);} .p28a-desc .faq-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:14px;margin-top:16px;} .p28a-desc .faq-item{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);border-left:5px solid var(--bs-orange);border-radius:16px;padding:16px;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.035);} .p28a-desc .faq-item h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:7px;color:#111;} .p28a-desc .faq-item p{font-size:14px;color:#3b4147;margin:0;} .p28a-desc .badge-row{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;} .p28a-desc .badge{display:inline-flex;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);background:#fff;border-radius:999px;padding:7px 10px;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:#222;} .p28a-desc .section.dark .badge{background:#181b1f;color:#fff;border-color:#30343a;} .p28a-desc .footer-source{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin-top:22px;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-line);padding-top:14px;} @media(max-width:980px){ .p28a-desc .two-col,.p28a-desc .chart-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .p28a-desc .kpi-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .p28a-desc .app-grid,.p28a-desc .formula-grid,.p28a-desc .faq-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);} .p28a-desc .pack-flow{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .p28a-desc .flow-box:not(:last-child):after{display:none;} } @media(max-width:620px){ .p28a-desc{padding:12px;} .p28a-desc .hero{padding:22px;} .p28a-desc .section{padding:18px;} .p28a-desc .kpi-grid,.p28a-desc .three-col,.p28a-desc .app-grid,.p28a-desc .formula-grid,.p28a-desc .faq-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;} .p28a-desc .kpi b{font-size:24px;} .p28a-desc .bar-row{grid-template-columns:88px 1fr 62px;} .p28a-desc .hero h1{font-size:32px;} } High-Drain 18650 Power Cell Molicel P28A 186502800mAh / 35A A professional-grade flat-top lithium-ion power cell built for applications that require high current delivery, strong voltage stability, compact 18650 sizing, and dependable thermal behavior. The P28A balances 2.8Ah-class capacity with a high 35A discharge rating for demanding battery-pack and device designs. Typical Capacity: 2800mAh Nominal Voltage: 3.6V Max Discharge: 35A Standard Charge: 2.8A Format: 18650 Flat Top 2800mAh typical capacity 35Amaximum discharge rating 6Amaximum charge current 3.6Vnominal voltage 20mΩAC IR maximum 46gtypical cell weight Technical Overview 2.8Ah 18650 power cell optimized for high-current output. The Molicel INR-18650-P28A is a cylindrical, rechargeable lithium-ion cell positioned in Molicel’s Power Cell category. It is intended for high-load platforms such as power tools, garden tools, home appliances, compact battery packs, high-output lighting, robotics, RC systems, and other engineered systems where discharge capability is a primary selection criterion. For product-page and engineering language, describe this model as a 2800mAh typical-capacity / 35A maximum-discharge 18650 cell. Because it is an unprotected flat-top cell, final safety depends on the charger, device, pack architecture, current limiting, cell matching, and thermal design. Professional positioning: Use the P28A when the application needs more current headroom than energy-focused 18650 cells, while still maintaining practical 2.8Ah runtime in a compact 18mm cylindrical format. Specification Value Cell Model INR-18650-P28A Cell Type / Format Rechargeable lithium-ion, cylindrical 18650, flat top, unprotected Capacity 2800mAh typical / 2600mAh minimum Energy 10.3Wh typical / 9.56Wh minimum Voltage Window 4.2V charge / 3.6V nominal / 2.5V discharge cut-off Charge Current 2.8A standard / 6.0A maximum; CC-CV charge to 4.2V with 50mA termination reference Discharge Current 35A maximum discharge rating Charge Time 1.5 hour standard charge reference Internal Resistance 20mΩ max AC at 1kHz / 20mΩ DC at 10A for 1s reference Temperature Range Charge: 0°C to 60°C / Discharge: −40°C to 60°C Energy Density 610Wh/L and 220Wh/kg from product data sheet; current product page lists 589Wh/L and 219Wh/kg Dimensions / Weight 18.6mm max diameter / 65.2mm max height / 46g typical Protection No integrated protection circuit. Use only with compatible electronics, protective holders, and/or pack-level BMS. Visual Engineering Summary Electrical operating envelope at a glance. These diagrams translate the P28A’s published charge, discharge, voltage, capacity, impedance, and thermal limits into product-page visuals for technically oriented buyers. 1. Current Capability Stack Charge and discharge currents shown on a shared 0–35A scale. Std. charge 2.8A Max charge 6A 10A test 10A 20A test 20A 30A curve 30A Max 35A 0A17.5A35A 2. Voltage Operating Window Core control points for single-cell charging and discharge management. 2.5V 3.6V 4.20V discharge cut-off nominal full charge Usable discharge region CC-CV charge region 3. Capacity and Energy Translation Typical and minimum capacity values from the product data sheet. Typical 2800mAh Minimum 2600mAh Typ. Wh 10.3Wh Min. Wh 9.56Wh 2.8Ah typical capacity 3.6V nominal voltage 10.3Wh typical energy × ≈ 4. C-Rate Conversion A 2.8Ah cell converts current to approximate C-rate as shown below. 0.2C 0.56A 1C 2.8A 3.6C 10A 7.1C 20A 10.7C 30A 12.5C 35A Discharge Behavior High-current output should be evaluated with voltage sag and heat rise in mind. The published data-sheet discharge-rate family includes 0.56A, 2.8A, 10A, 20A, and 30A curves to a 2.5V cut-off at 23°C. The visualization below is a simplified product-page diagram of the discharge behavior; it is not a digitized test report or a warranty of runtime in a specific device. 5. Discharge Rate Curve Family Higher current increases voltage drop and moves the knee earlier in the discharge profile. 4.2V3.7V3.2V2.7V2.5V 050010001500200025003000 Capacity delivered (mAh) Cell voltage 0.56A reference 2.8A nominal 10A high load 20A high load 6. Estimated IR Voltage Drop Simple Ohm’s-law illustration using 20mΩ DC reference. Actual sag varies with SOC, temperature, pulse duration, and cell age. 5A 0.10V 10A 0.20V 20A 0.40V 30A 0.60V 35A 0.70V Voltage sag ΔV Current I Internal R 20mΩ reference = × Charge, Temperature & Cycle Envelope Thermal conditions strongly affect charge acceptance, discharge performance, and aging. 7. Charge Profile Reference CC-CV charge to 4.2V with 50mA cut-off reference; standard charge current is 2.8A. 4.2V 0A Charge time reference Voltage / current Voltage rises to CV 2.8A standard charge Higher-rate reference 8. Thermal Operating Envelope Published ambient ranges for charging and discharging. −40°C−20°C0°C20°C40°C60°C Charge Discharge 0°C to 60°C −40°C to 60°C Ambient temperature operating range 9. Temperature Characterization Families Data-sheet discharge-temperature curves include cold-weather and elevated-temperature conditions at 2.8A. −40°C cold limit −30°C cold test −20°C cold test 0°C charge min 23°C reference 60°C upper limit Design note: Cold operation reduces apparent capacity and increases voltage sag. High-current packs should verify real load behavior at the lowest expected operating temperature. 10. Cycle-Life Visualization Simplified visual based on published 10A and 20A cycle-characteristic families at 23°C. 100%90%80%70%60% 0100200300400500 Cycle number Capacity retention 10A discharge 20A discharge Mechanical Integration 18650 dimensional envelope for holders, sleds, weld fixtures, and pack CAD. 11. Cell Dimension Diagram Use maximum dimensions for fitment planning, not nominal product-photo measurements. MOLICEL P28A 65.2mm max 18.6mm diameter max Flat Top Unprotected cell External protection required by design 12. Pack Scaling Formulas Quick reference for series/parallel pack planning with P28A cells. Vnom = S × 3.6VSeries count controls nominal pack voltage. Vmax = S × 4.2VFull-charge voltage for charger/BMS selection. Ah = P × 2.8AhParallel count controls capacity and runtime. Imax = P × 35ATheoretical current before applying thermal, wiring, fuse, and BMS derating. Engineering caution: Parallel-current math is a ceiling, not a design recommendation. Real pack output should be derated for temperature, voltage sag, cell age, welded interconnect resistance, BMS limits, and enclosure airflow. 13. Example Parallel Scaling Single-cell current capability scaled by parallel group count before system derating. 1P 35A / 2.8Ah 2P 70A / 5.6Ah 3P 105A / 8.4Ah 4P 140A / 11.2Ah 5P 175A / 14Ah 14. Common Series Voltage Examples Nominal and full-charge values for common pack topologies. Pack Nominal / Full Charge 1S 3.6V nominal / 4.2V full 3S 10.8V nominal / 12.6V full 4S 14.4V nominal / 16.8V full 6S 21.6V nominal / 25.2V full 10S 36.0V nominal / 42.0V full 13S 46.8V nominal / 54.6V full Protection Architecture Use the P28A inside a controlled electrical and thermal system. The P28A is a bare, unprotected lithium-ion cell. Product compatibility cannot be assumed from size alone. A safe battery system must control charge voltage, discharge cut-off, short-circuit exposure, overcurrent behavior, temperature, and physical cell isolation. Cell MatchingSame model, age, SOC, and condition InterconnectLow-resistance nickel/copper path, spot welded BMS / ProtectionOV, UV, OC, SC, balance, thermal sensing Thermal PathSpacing, heat spreading, enclosure airflow System LoadValidated duty cycle and current limits 15. Suggested Control Threshold Map Use manufacturer and application requirements when selecting exact BMS thresholds. Overcharge >4.2V Full charge 4.2V Nominal 3.6V Cut-off 2.5V 16. Risk-Control Checklist Minimum controls for professional integration. CC-CV Li-ion charger 2.5V discharge cut-off Overcurrent trip Short-circuit protection Temperature sensing Cell insulation rings No loose carry Spot weld only Matched parallel groups Fire-resistant charging area Application Fit Best suited for compact high-load systems where current delivery matters. TOOL Power Tools Strong current capability for high-torque bursts, compact packs, and rugged duty cycles. RC RC / Robotics Useful where quick acceleration, high peak loads, and compact pack geometry are important. LED High-Output Lighting High-drain headroom for regulated lights that demand stable voltage under load. PACK Custom Packs Suited to engineered packs with BMS, matched cells, correct interconnects, and thermal validation. 17. Selection Bias: Power vs. Runtime Relative positioning inside the 18650 category. Runtime / capacity focus High-current focus P28A35A / 2.8Ah Energy18650 Balancedcells 18. Application Suitability Matrix Qualitative fit based on current requirement, thermal design, and pack-level protection. High drain excellent Runtime strong Cold use verify Pack builds good Loose carry avoid Ready-to-Use Product Page Copy Professional technical product description The Molicel P28A 18650 2800mAh 35A Battery is a high-drain rechargeable lithium-ion cell engineered for applications that require substantial current output in a compact 18650 format. With a typical capacity of 2800mAh, 3.6V nominal voltage, and 35A maximum discharge rating, the INR-18650-P28A is well suited for power tools, high-output flashlights, robotics, RC applications, and custom battery packs that use appropriate protection electronics. The P28A uses a 4.2V charge voltage and 2.5V discharge cut-off, with a standard 2.8A charge current and 6A maximum charge current. The cell is supplied as an unprotected flat-top cell, meaning it does not include an integrated protection circuit. It should only be used by customers who understand lithium-ion handling requirements and can ensure proper charging, storage, short-circuit prevention, and device-level protection. Safety, Handling & Compatibility Notice Lithium-ion cells can be dangerous if misused, mishandled, overcharged, over-discharged, short-circuited, stored loose, physically damaged, exposed to liquids, exposed to excessive heat, or used outside manufacturer specifications. Use only with a charger designed for rechargeable lithium-ion cells and the correct 4.2V termination voltage. Do not store or transport loose cells in pockets, bags, toolboxes, or drawers where they may contact metal objects. Do not use a cell with a torn wrapper, missing top insulator, dented can, corrosion, leakage, abnormal heat, odor, or physical damage. Do not solder directly to the cell. Use appropriate spot-welding methods for pack assembly. Do not mix old and new cells, different models, different states of charge, or cells with unknown history in series or parallel packs. Use only in devices or packs with suitable overcharge, over-discharge, overcurrent, short-circuit, and thermal protection. Frequently Asked Questions Common technical questions about the Molicel P28A. What is the capacity of the Molicel P28A? The P28A is specified at 2800mAh typical capacity and 2600mAh minimum capacity, with typical energy of approximately 10.3Wh. What is the discharge rating? The cell is listed with a 35A maximum discharge rating. High-current use requires proper device design, short-circuit protection, and thermal management. Is this a protected battery? No. The P28A is an unprotected flat-top 18650 cell. It does not include an integrated protection PCB, so protection must come from the device, charger, or battery pack electronics. What charger should be used? Use a quality lithium-ion charger designed for 3.6V/3.7V nominal cells with 4.2V termination. The standard charge current is 2.8A and the maximum charge current is 6.0A. What is the correct discharge cut-off voltage? The product data sheet lists 2.5V as the discharge cut-off voltage. Battery packs and devices should prevent over-discharge below safe limits. Can the P28A be used in battery packs? Yes, when designed by qualified users with matched cells, proper interconnects, insulation, cell spacing, fusing or current limiting, balancing, and a BMS suited to the pack voltage and current. Can I solder wires directly to this cell? No. Direct soldering can overheat and damage the cell. Use proper spot-welding methods for pack tabs and follow professional battery-pack assembly practices. What are the cell dimensions? The maximum dimensional envelope is 18.6mm diameter by 65.2mm height. Always confirm device compatibility because holders vary in spring force, tolerance, and terminal geometry. What temperature range is allowed? The published ambient range is 0°C to 60°C for charging and −40°C to 60°C for discharging. Performance can drop significantly in cold conditions. Is the P28A better for power or runtime? It is primarily a high-power cell. It offers useful 2800mAh capacity, but its main advantage over energy-focused 18650 cells is current delivery and voltage stability under higher loads. What does 20mΩ internal resistance mean? Internal resistance contributes to voltage sag and heat under load. At higher currents, even small resistance values can create meaningful voltage drop and thermal load. Can I carry this battery loose? No. Loose lithium-ion cells must be stored and transported in a protective case so the terminals cannot contact keys, coins, tools, or other metal objects. Technical source basis: current 18650 Battery Store product listing, Molicel product page, and Molicel INR-18650-P28A product data sheet. Charts in this HTML are simplified product-page visuals and should not be treated as digitized lab data, warranty claims, or a substitute for application-level validation.
