Figure 1. WINEXRAY's representative phenolic profile of a 21-day macerated Bordeaux varietal fermentation (The Future of Winemaking: Honoring the Vision of Professor Roger Boulton, 2022). Total Anthocyanins (tANT) accounts for both free and bound anthocyanins in wine and is measured at pH 1.8 when the flavylium cation is fully pigmented. At wine pH (pH 3-4) the human eye can only see about 10-30% of the free anthocyanins, but bound anthocyanins notably more resistant to this effect. From their peak extraction, Total Anthocyanins will decrease approximately 60-80% within the first 100 days post crush. This is in part due to their unstable nature in warm conditions that occur during this period (WINEXRAY). Overall, total anthocyanins measurement is fundamental for understanding cold soak efficiency, extraction efficiency, and the color potential of a vintage. Anthocyanins are charged at wine pH and therefore water-soluble. Unlike tannins, they will partially extract in aqueous conditions (cold-soak) prior to fermentation, and completely extract in the presence of warm temperatures, movement, and alcohol. Cold soak is thus the only selective winemaking process that distinguishes between color and tannin. The efficiency of the cold soak can be determined as a percentage of peak total anthocyanin extraction during fermentation. This is a useful metric for monitoring adherence to protocols and understanding the characteristics of your fruit. Cold-Soak Efficiency: 50% is very high efficiency. Peak total anthocyanins are a useful metric for evaluating the quality of the grapes relative to previous vintages. We continue to reference this value throughout the winemaking process. Within the first five to ten days of fermentation, if not sooner, peak total anthocyanin extraction is reached and rapidly begins to decline (WINEXRAY). Extending maceration decreases total color through an unknown mechanism, although notably not from reabsorption into grape skins (Casassa et al., 2013; Yokotsuka et al., 2000). The peak value is a fundamental metric for predicting the amount of bound anthocyanin formation relative to tannin extraction. We assume about 10% of total anthocyanins will naturally polymerize due to warm temperatures during primary fermentation. For example, a common practice in the industry is to extract 1.2x the concentration of protein-precipitable tannin compared to total anthocyanin. This tends to form a favorable bANT:pTAN ratio for Bordeaux-style wines. Whatever your methodology, the most important consideration is timing. The vast majority of bound anthocyanin polymerization occurs within the first 100 days post-crush when total anthocyanins are abundant. Winemakers can facilitate their formation by maintaining warm temperatures above 21°C (70°F) until they achieve their desired style. It is important to acknowledge that warmer temperatures also accelerate the loss of free anthocyanins. If we only observe total anthocyanins during polymerization, then our instinct may be to cool the red wine down to cellar temperatures and prevent color degradation. As free anthocyanins are the majority of total anthocyanins in a freshly fermented wine, it is natural to see a rapid decline at warmer temperatures. Even at lower temperatures, these pigments degrade due to a variety of mechanisms (most notably oxidation). The key is to harness color potential while it is highly concentrated in musts and young wines. Below are reference levels for Peak Total Anthocyanin measured during fermentation. 2,000 ppm is extremely high color commonly seen in highly pigmented cultivars. Winemakers can monitor the efficiency of extraction determined as a percentage of peak total anthocyanin/grape extractable anthocyanin (last) and by comparing the phenolic profiles of free run vs. press fraction. These are powerful metrics for monitoring adherence to protocols and understanding the characteristics of your fruit. It’s important to remember that all wine macerations are partial extractions. No fermentation ever extracts 100% of the phenolic material available. Peak total anthocyanin extraction tends to be
